Molecular Diagnosis

Molecular diagnostic technology refers to the use of DNA and RNA as diagnostic materials, and using molecular biology technology to detect the presence, defects or abnormal expression of genes, in order to diagnose the diseases. The basic principle is to detect whether the structure, amount, and expression function of DNA or RNA are abnormal, and determine whether the subject has abnormal changes at the gene level, which is of great significance for disease prevention, prediction, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Molecular diagnostic technology is the fastest-growing part of the in vitro diagnostic market, as it is the only in vitro diagnostic method that can early diagnose, prevent, and customize the treatment of diseases.

The Workflow of Molecular Diagnosis

The basic workflow of molecular diagnosis is as follows:

The Types of Molecular Diagnosis

At present, the main molecular diagnostic technologies in the world can be divided into three types, they are nucleic acid molecular hybridization, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biochip:

• Nucleic acid molecular hybridization. This technology can be used for qualitative or quantitative detection of specific DNA or RNA sequences, including Southern blot hybridization, Northern blot hybridization, dot hybridization and in situ hybridization, etc.
• Polymerase chain reaction. PCR technology is a qualitative detection, but it is fast, sensitive, simple to operate, and suitable for a wide range of diagnostic applications. With the development of PCR technology, multiplex and real-time fluorescence quantitative technology have been continuously applied to disease detection.
• Biochip. It is divided into gene chip and protein chip, among them, gene-related detection is the most important part of molecular diagnosis.

Applications of Molecular Diagnosis

The molecular diagnostic technology detects various structural proteins, enzymes, antigens and antibodies, and immunoactive molecules related to diseases. Molecular diagnosis can be applied to the detection of genetic diseases, infectious diseases, tumors and other diseases, and is also the main method of prenatal diagnosis. In addition, molecular diagnostic technology is widely used in research in various fields such as epidemiological investigation, food hygiene inspection, and forensic identification.

Advantages of Molecular Diagnosis

The molecular diagnosis is a rapid and effective detection method with high detection throughput, high sensitivity and specificity. It has broad application prospects in genetic disease detection, disease screening, disease classification, and personalized medicine.

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Reference

1. Amjad M. (2020)."An overview of the molecular methods in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infectious diseases." International journal of microbiology. 8135724: 1-13.