Addison's Disease

Addison's disease, also known as adrenal hypofunction, is a rare endocrine disease. Mainly manifested as fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, etc. In severe cases, the symptoms of adrenal crisis such as shock, hyponatremia, and hypoglycemia may occur. The adrenal glands secrete two hormones, they are cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone. The adrenal gland function of patients with Addison's disease is insufficient or the adrenal gland tissue is destroyed, leading to the above two hormone secretion deficiency, a series of clinical symptoms. Addison's disease is more likely to occur at 30-50 years old, but it can occur at any age, and the incidence rate of women is higher than that of men. It can be treated by taking hormones to replace those that are missing.

Diagnosis of Addison's Disease

Addison's disease can be tested by the following methods:

• Blood test. Measure the levels of sodium, potassium, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the blood. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce hormones. Blood tests can also measure antibodies associated with autoimmune Addison's disease.
• ACTH stimulation test. ACTH signals the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. This test measures the level of cortisol in the blood before and after injection of synthetic ACTH.
• Insulin-induced hypoglycemia tests. Adrenal insufficiency (secondary adrenal insufficiency) caused by the pituitary disease can accept this test. The test involves checking your blood sugar and cortisol levels after the insulin injection. In healthy people, glucose levels fall and cortisol levels rise.
• Imaging test. A CT scan of the patient's abdomen is performed to check the size of the adrenal glands and look for other abnormalities. If the test indicates that you may have secondary adrenal insufficiency, you may also get an MRI scan of the pituitary gland.

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Reference

1. Michels A and Nicole M. (2014). "Addison disease: early detection and treatment principles." American family physician. 89.7: 563-568.